Can AI Make Art?
Ted Chiang with a thought-provoking essay on Why A.I. Isn’t Going to Make Art:
It is very easy to get ChatGPT to emit a series of words such as “I am happy to see you.” There are many things we don’t understand about how large language models work, but one thing we can be sure of is that ChatGPT is not happy to see you. A dog can communicate that it is happy to see you, and so can a prelinguistic child, even though both lack the capability to use words. ChatGPT feels nothing and desires nothing, and this lack of intention is why ChatGPT is not actually using language. What makes the words “I’m happy to see you” a linguistic utterance is not that the sequence of text tokens that it is made up of are well formed; what makes it a linguistic utterance is the intention to communicate something.
In the past few years, Chiang has written often about the limitations of LLMs โ you can read more about his AI views on kottke.org.
Comments 4
Nearly every argument made in this piece could have been made (and probably was made) when the camera was invented. For example, the supposedly disparaging comment: "A product that generates images with little effort"
LLMs and AI image generators are just tools. Nothing more, nothing less. They are like cameras or paintbrushes. They must be wielded to produce art. Some cameras, say, wildlife cameras that flash whenever something steps on a pressure pad, aren't wielded and don't produce art. LLMs can do that whenever I ask ChatGPT to summarize a long document. That's not art. But when a person conceives a writing prompt and works with the tool over many iterations to craft a story... how is that different from an artist using any other tool?
These reflexive "AI-isn't-art" points of view are based on a wildly outdated view of how art is made. We have long celebrated video artists working in digital media. We cry when playing video games (at least I have). We, perhaps with some debate, accept art made by worker bees overseen by the actual "artist". Why is a person working with prompts any less of an artist than any of these artists? Simply put, they aren't.
AI left to its own devices won't spontaneously produce art, just as a camera left on a shelf won't magically take a picture, but it is a tool that can produce beautiful things and should be embraced and celebrated. We are living in an age when a new art form has been forged and that is a tremendously exciting thing.
The way I read it, Chiang is arguing that LLMs are not creators by themselves, just as a camera or Photoshop is not a creator โ they're tools, as you point out. What the LLM companies & enthusiasts would have you believe is that these AIs are creative entities in their own right, capable of producing creative work with very little effort. Chiang points out that these tools can be used to create art (just like literally anything can) but the human effort involved (the time, the choices, the curiosity, the emotion, the desire to communicate) is what makes it art (rather than the output of spicy autocomplete).
I don't know. It seems a very fine - and arbitrary - line to draw when he says that AI can't produce art because it limits you to a prompt with hundreds of words, whereas an *Artist* makes many more individual choices in the creation of *Art*. He even acknowledges that you can produce art iteratively using AI by running hundreds of prompts and making thousands of images to get one final piece of art. So where is the line between an AI-created image and art? How is this different from a photographer taking hundreds of images to get the final piece? Why do we feel the need to define this at all?
I agree that artists should be compensated for having their work used to train AIs. And the resulting output of AIs is derivative to an extent on the artwork, photography, and internet junk used to train it, but I still believe and embrace what it produces as exciting and, in many cases, beautiful and engaging art.
The argument that was most compelling to me was about non-creative writing:
There is already lots of bullshit writing to accompany (Graeberean) bullshit jobs. Creating more of it, and making it even shittier, seems like a bad idea.
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